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Texture Mapping
Gregory Pierce in an e-mail requested information on texture mapping... here ya go!
Nowadays, textures are pretty much standard as far as games go. OpenGL was designed with this in mind. Unlike the cruel and unusual DirectX API, creating textures is not a form of cruel and unusual punishment. The only thing you need be concerned with is setting up some texture parameters and environment.
Texture Names
To start things off, we first need a texture name. This is essentially a number that OpenGL uses to index all the different textures. To get a texture name, all we need do is call the function glGenTextures.
GLuint texture;
// allocate a texture name
glGenTextures( 1, &texture );
Now that we have our texture name, we can switch between different textures we want using the function glBindTxeture. This essentially chooses what texture we are working with. At this point, you should note that there are two forms of textures in OpenGL, 1D and 2D. Chances are you won't be using 1D, so we'll stick to 2 textures. This is reflected any tiem you see GL_TEXTURE_2D. So let's select the texture name that we just created.
// select our current texture
glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture );
Texture Parameters
Now we can begin to work on our current texture. First, we need to set some texture parameters. Second, we need to load the texture data. Before we start, we should set one little texture environment state. The exact state you want may be other than what I present here, if so consult another more detailed reference on the topic. GL_MODULATE simply takes the color and alpha data from the texture and multiplies it with the color data from glColor and/or the lighting system.
// select modulate to mix texture with color for shading
glTexEnvf( GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_MODULATE );
Next, we have four texture parameters we need to setup. Here is where we can setup such wonderful effects like bilinear and trilinear texture filtering, and mipmapping. We also can setup whether the texture wraps over at the edges or is clamped at the ends. We'll stick to repeating because that is the most common use. Just read the comments for details on what each does.
// when texture area is small, bilinear filter the closest mipmap
glTexParameterf( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST );
// when texture area is large, bilinear filter the original
glTexParameterf( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR );
// the texture wraps over at the edges (repeat)
glTexParameterf( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT );
glTexParameterf( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT );
That takes care of the texture mapping environment and parameters. Now we get on to the actual texture data.
Texture Image and Mipmaps
Since we setup the min filter to select a mipmap, we are going to have to create the mipmaps ourselves. Luckily someone has already put in a function that automatically do this for us. All we need todo is feed it some information on the image and the actual image data and it does all the work for us.
For the sake of simplicity, I'll use an example RAW texture file. This is essentially just the raw image data stored in a binary file. To keep it simple, let's assume a 256x256 RGB texture. You can save raw image data from a number of paint programs, such as Paint Shop Pro. So let's just start by loading the texture data.
int width, height;
BYTE * data;
FILE * file;
// texture data
width = 256;
height = 256;
// allocate buffer
data = malloc( width * height * 3 );
// open and read texture data
file = fopen( filename, "rb" );
fread( data, width * height * 3, 1, file );
fclose( file );
Now that we have loaded our texture data from the RAW file, we can call the GLU (OpenGL Utility) function gluBuild2DMipmaps.
// build our texture mipmaps
gluBuild2DMipmaps( GL_TEXTURE_2D, 3, width, height,
GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data );
And we have our loaded texture all ready to use. Just to wrap up, we need one more function call to tie up some loose ends.
// free buffer
free( data );
Don't worry, OpenGL still has the texture. After we called gluBuild2DMipmaps, the image data was copied into the OpenGL system, and possibly the video card's texture memory.
RAW Texture Loader
To summarize, here's a nice function that will load a texture.
// load a 256x256 RGB .RAW file as a texture
GLuint LoadTextureRAW( const char * filename, int wrap )
{
GLuint texture;
int width, height;
BYTE * data;
FILE * file;
// open texture data
file = fopen( filename, "rb" );
if ( file == NULL ) return 0;
// allocate buffer
width = 256;
height = 256;
data = malloc( width * height * 3 );
// read texture data
fread( data, width * height * 3, 1, file );
fclose( file );
// allocate a texture name
glGenTextures( 1, &texture );
// select our current texture
glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture );
// select modulate to mix texture with color for shading
glTexEnvf( GL_TEXTURE_ENV, GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_MODULATE );
// when texture area is small, bilinear filter the closest mipmap
glTexParameterf( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER,
GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_NEAREST );
// when texture area is large, bilinear filter the first mipmap
glTexParameterf( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR );
// if wrap is true, the texture wraps over at the edges (repeat)
// ... false, the texture ends at the edges (clamp)
glTexParameterf( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S,
wrap ? GL_REPEAT : GL_CLAMP );
glTexParameterf( GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T,
wrap ? GL_REPEAT : GL_CLAMP );
// build our texture mipmaps
gluBuild2DMipmaps( GL_TEXTURE_2D, 3, width, height,
GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, data );
// free buffer
free( data );
return texture;
}
Depending on your exact needs, you may want to reimplement this to read whatever file format you find convenient for your needs. .RAW files are nice because there's no headers or compression to deal with. You could load from PCX, BMP, GIF, JPG, or any other file format. You just have to load the image data for OpenGL, and let it do the rest.
Once you are done with the texture, it would be nice to free it. This one line of code will do that.
glDeleteTextures( 1, &texture );
Enable and Select Textures
Whew, now that we actually have the ability to load a texture, we can do the fun stuff. Firstly to turn on/off texture mapping, we just need to call glEnable or glDisable. This is done with the GL_TEXTURE_2D parameter to each. Simple enough.
glEnable( GL_TEXTURE_2D );
You can load different textures and select one at a time just using the glBindTexture function just like in LoadTextureRAW above.
glBindTexture( GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture );
Now for the last key to texture mapping, texture coordinates. You may be used to calling them U & V, but in OpenGL we refer to them as S & T (same difference). For clamped textures, S & T are in the range of 0 to 1. For repeated textures, the range is 0 to 1 for every repeat of the texture, as is 1 to 2, 2 to 3, and even -1 to 0. Just feed the coordinates much like a glColor command, only use the glTexCoord. Just remember, any color you fed to glColor is multiplied by the texture data, so if your texture is dark or an unusual color, check to see what color you are setting to.
glBegin( GL_QUADS );
glTexCoord2d(0.0,0.0); glVertex2d(0.0,0.0);
glTexCoord2d(1.0,0.0); glVertex2d(1.0,0.0);
glTexCoord2d(1.0,1.0); glVertex2d(1.0,1.0);
glTexCoord2d(0.0,1.0); glVertex2d(0.0,1.0);
glEnd();
Viola, texture mapping in a nutshell.
Texture Sample
So you can get this effect with texture mapping (and much much more):
Here's the sample program that goes with that screen shot: gltexture.zip
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